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UNIX Quick Reference
Connect:
--------
telnet [host] Connect to host (25 (SMTP), 109/110 (POP3), 21 (FTP), 20 (FTP data) )
ssh [host] Secure telnet to host
rlogin -l [username] Connect to host (no passwd necessary if in .rhost (host username) )
ftp -i File transfer with host (-i (don't promt when using mget), hash (status))
ftptool X-window based FTP prgram
xhost +/- hostname Allow host to open X-Window on local machine (setenv DISPLAY locmach:0.0)
talk [username@host] Talk to username
write [username] Write directly to username, you must be on the same machine
mesg -yes / -no Enable or disable receiving of messages
logout, bye Disconnect from host
passwd, yppasswd , chfn, chsh Change local or NIS password information
slirp Slirp (conf: .slirprc) (options: -P -b 9600 "asyncmap FFFFFFFF" "mtu 1500"
"mru 1500" compress ppp-exit debug papcrypt (save encrypted passwd in file
~/.pap-secrets))
pppd PPP (use chat -v to connect) (options: 9600 locIP:remIP asyncmap FFFFFFFF
crtscts mru 1500)
aspppd To automatically build a ppp-connection if needed
httpd HTTP-Server (confiles: httpd.conf, srm.conf, access.conf)
exit Log out from ssh, telnet, rlogin
quit Log out from ftp
File transfer and Mail:
-----------------------
mailx Read mails
mailx -s [subject] [user] Send mail to user ("." (finish) q (quit), x (quit without changing),
n (next), d (delete), r (reply), h (display mails) )
telnet host 25 SMTP (helo (authorize), mail from: (snd address), rcpt to: (rec address),
data (mail body), "." (finish) )
telnet host 110 (or 109) POP3 (user [username], pass [password], uidl (listmails), retr [n]
(retrive message n), dele [n] (delete message n), quit)
get Get file from ftp-host
mget Get multiple files from ftp-host (can use wild char)
put Copy file to ftp-host
Connect info:
-------------
who Who is connected
w Similar to who just displays more info, like processes and load
finger [-l @host] Display info about logged on users
finger [user] Display info about user
whois [-h host name] Scans for a name or handle
rusers Scans the whole remote network for connected users
whoami Display the effective current username
id List user & group ids
last -n [num] List the num last users who have logged in, by user or terminal
Network:
--------
nslookup Query domain name servers interactively
route Routing (add host/net target gateway 0)
netstat -nr Routing table. Show network status
ifconfig [device] Show the stats of network device, or all devices: -a
ifconfig lo0:1 10.0.2.20 127.0.0.1 up Enables a previously added route (very important!)
Put this at the end of the file: /etc/init.d/sysid.net
traceroute [hostname] Tracing IP packet from this host to hostname
Jobs:
-----
jobs List jobs running in the background
ps List current processes (ps -aef | grep $USER)
CTRL + Z Suspend
kill [pid] / CTRL + C Kill a job (use pid returned by ps; -9 exit immediately)
bg Send to background. Returns num to use when calling fg
fg [num] Send to foreground
comm & Execute command in background
nohup comm & Continue execution of command even when terminal is down
CTRL + U New commandline
CTRL + S Stop output
CTRL + Q Continue
Directories:
------------
pwd Display the pathname of the current working directory
cd [dirname] Change to directory dirname (cd without dirname wil go to your home
directory, cd .. moves one directory up, cd ~username moves you to
username's homedir)
mkdir Make directory
rm, rmdir [dirname] Remove (unlink) files or directories
dircmp Compare directories
ln -s [realpath alias] Make symbolic links to files
df -bk Report free disk space on file systems
disktool -u [dir] Display disk usage o directory
fsck File system consistency check and interactive repair
Files:
------
ls -l List files (-a (list invisible files), -d (don't list contents of a folder),
-R (recursively subdir listing) )
mv [old new] Move or rename a file or directory (no -r needed)
cp [-r file] Copy file (-r (copy directory) )
tar -cf - [source] | (cd [target]; tar -xfvp-;) Fast copying using tar (p: keep permissions, v: verbose)
cd [source]; tar -cf - . | (cd [target]; tar -xfvBp - ) Another possibility (p: keep permissions)
rm [-rf file] Remove file (-f (don't prompt user), -r (remove directory) )
perl -p -i.old -e 's/oldstring/newstrin/g' *.txt Search and replace of a string in multiple files
chmod [o+r file] Change access for file (-R recursively) {u=rw,og+r,a-w}
chmod [ugo] 4=r 6=rw 5=rx 7=rwx {644=rw_r__r__}
umask [x] Without param=disp with=set {27=rwxr_x__ 67=rwx______}
chown [user:group file] Change owner of file
chgrp [group] Change the group ownership of a file
more [file] Type file (b=back, v=VI, /[string] (search for string) )
cat [file1 file2] > targetfile Concatenate files
catman Create the cat files for the manual
split -b [bytes file] Split file to packets with size bytes
csplit Split a file with respect to a given context
dd Convert and copy files with various data formats
find [path criteria] Searches for files (-name ['name'] -mtime [n] (changed n days ago),
-atime [n] (last read n days ago), -group [gname])
volcheck Mount floppy, content will become visible in /floppy/floppy0
eject After leaving the /floppy/floppy0 directory ejetct the disk
fdformat Format a floppy for UNIX
fddisk -fmt -f /dev/rfd0a Format a floppy on trevano
mformat a: Format a floppy for MS-DOS
mcopy [unixfile a:dosfile] Copy to a dos disk or the other way round
mdel [a:dosfile] Delete a MS-DOS file
dos2unix [file] Convert text file from MS-DOS format to Unix/ISO format
unix2dos [file] Convert text file from Unix-ISO format to MS-DOS format
mcopy [unixfile a:dosfile] Copy to a dos disk (better use the directory /floppy/floppy0)
xhfs Use Mac disks (HFS file system)
hfs Use Mac disks (mount /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0, copyin, copyout, dir)
perl -p -i.old -e 's/\r/\n/g' [files] Replaces returns with linefeeds (convert from mac to unix or dos to unix)
diff [file1] [file2] Compares two files and display line-by-line differences
diff3 Display line-by-line differences between 3 files
diffmk Mark differences between versions of a troff input file
touch [filename] Update the access and modification times of a file
mkfile Create a file (e.g. for swap space)
Programming:
------------
make Build source code. Maintain, update, and regenerate programs and files
cc C Compiler
gcc [file.c] C Compiler
g++ [file.C] C++ Compiler
cxx C++ Compiler
adb, dbx Debugger
dbxtool SunView interface for the dbx source-level debugger
cxref Generate a C program cross-reference
cflow Generate a flow graph for a C program
javac [file.java] JAVA-Compiler
pc Pascal compiler
Compression:
------------
gzip [file] Compress file (.gz)
gunzip [file] Decompress file (.gz)
tar -cvf [targetfile.tar] [source] Create archive (.tar) from multiple source files
tar -xvf [file] Unpack archive (.tar)
tar -tvf [file] List archive (.tar) doesn't expand the archive
compress [file] Compress file (.Z)
uncompress [file] Decompress file (.Z)
zcat [file] Display expanded contents
Printing:
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lpr [-P[printer] file] Print file on printer (-K2 (double sided), -#2 (two copies) )
lp [-d[printer] file] Print file on printer (-K2 (double sided), -n2 (two copies) )
lp cancel Cancel requests to a printer
lpc Line printer control program
lprm Remove jobs from the printer queue
mapge -[num] -h [file] | lpr Print num pages on one page with header (-h option)
nenscript [-p- file] Translate file to Postscript (stdout)
nenscript [-p- file] | lpr Translate file to PS and print it
lpq List queue
lprm [job-ID] Remove job from queue
lpstat -a List all available printers
lptest Generate lineprinter ripple pattern
psp1 [file] / psp2 [file] Print text (user defined script)
a2ps Convert text files to ps (nicely formatted)
Other Commands:
---------------
man [comm] Get info about command (-k keyword)
apropos [expr] Get info about related commands
where [comm] Show path of command
grep, egrep, fgrep [expr] Filters out lines containing expr (-i (not case sensitive), -c (count
only), -v (inverse) )
cut Remove selected fields from each line of a file
cut [-c Num-Num] Cuts lists
[comm] > [file] Write output of command to file
[comm] >> [file] Append output of command to file
[comm] < [file] Content of file => input of command
[comm1] | [comm2] Output of command1 => input of command2
lynx Text based version of netscape (g (go), q (quit), left (back), enter
(follow link), Search: http://www.google.com)
alias [alias comm] Define alias for long commands
stty Set or alter the options for a terminal
stty erase \^\? Set erase key to backspace (or other terminal settings)
h Display history (on trevano only)
echo [$var] Print value of var or expr {HOME, PATH, SHELL, USER, PRINTER, DISPLAY}
setenv [var val] Set var to val {HOME, PATH, SHELL, USER, PRINTER, DISPLAY}
CTRL + ARROW Switch workspace
xsetroot -solid blue Set background
xinit Initialize X-Server (use strtx to start X-Server)
rup [hostname] Status of host
boot sd(0,6,2) Boot from CD-ROM (check with probe-scsi first)
halt / fasthalt Shut down (root only)
boot Reboot the system
halt Halt the system
fastboot Reboot the system without checking the disks
fasthalt Halt the system without checking the disks
su Become super user (or any other user)
starting NFS /usr/lib/nfs start all apps there
perl -p -i.old -e 's/oldstring/newstrin/g' *.txt Search and replace of a string in
multiple files
clear Clear screen
nslookup Resolve domain names (server [dnsserver] (specify damain e.g: ElfQrin.com)
adduser procedure for adding new users
arch display the architecture of the current host
at, batch execute a command or script at a specified time
atq display the queue of jobs to be run at specified times
atrm remove jobs spooled by at or batch
automount automatically mount NFS file systems
awk pattern scanning and processing language
banner display a string in large letters
bar create tape archives, and add or extract files
basename, dirname display portions of pathnames and filenames
biff give notice of incoming mail messages
cal display a calendar
calendar a simple reminder service
cb a simple C program beautifier
click enable or disable the keyboard's keystroke click
clock display the time in an icon or window
cmdtool run a shell (or program) using the SunView text facility
cmp perform a byte-by-byte comparison of two files
colrm remove characters from specified columns within each line
config build system configuration files
cpio copy file archives in and out
crontab install, edit, remove or list a user's crontab file
ctrace generate a C program execution trace
date display or set the date
dc desk calculator
devinfo print out system device information
dkinfo report information about a disk's geometry and partitioning
dname print RFS domain and network names
domainname set or display name of the current NIS domain
dos SunView window for IBM PC/AT applications
du display the number of disk blocks used per directory or file
dump, rdump incremental file system dump
dumpfs dump file system information
edquota edit user quotas
eeprom EEPROM display and load utility
enablenumlock, disablenumlock enable or disable the numlock key
env obtain or alter environment variables for command execution
eqn, neqn, checkeq typeset mathematics
error categorize compiler error messages, insert at responsible source file lines
expand, unexpand expand TAB characters to SPACE characters, and vice versa
exportfs export and unexport directories to NFS clients
exports, xtab directories to export to NFS clients
expr evaluate arguments as a logical, arithmetic, or string expression
extract_patch extract and execute patch files from installation tapes
extract_unbundled extract and execute unbundled-product installation scripts
factor, primes factor a number, generate large primes
file determine the type of a file by examining its contents
fmt, fmt_mail simple text and mail-message formatters
fold fold long lines for display on an output device of a given width
fonftlip create Sun386i-style vfont file
fontedit a vfont screen-font editor
format disk partitioning and maintenance utility
fortune print a random, hopefully interesting, adage
from display the sender and date of newly-arrived mail messages
fstab, mtab static filesystem mounting table, mounted filesystems table
f77 running Fortran on Suns
gfxtool run graphics programs in a SunView window
groups display a user's group memberships
gterm virtual graphics terminal for the SunView environment
gxtest stand alone test for the Sun video graphics board
head display first few lines of specified files
hostid print the numeric identifier of the current host
hostname set or print name of current host system
hosts host name data base
hosts.equiv, .rhosts trusted remote hosts and users
iconedit create and edit images for SunView icons, cursors and panel items
id print the user name and ID, and group name and ID
imtool image display server for the SunView environment
indent indent and format a C program source file
iostat report I/O statistics
join relational database operator
lastcomm show the last commands executed, in reverse order
ld, ld.so link editor, dynamic link editor
ldd list dynamic dependencies
leave remind you when you have to leave
lex lexical analysis program generator
logname get the name by which you logged in
look find words in the system dictionary or lines in a sorted list
mach display the processor type of the current host
mail, Mail read or send mail messages
mailtool SunView interface for the mail program
mkfs construct a file system
mkproto construct a prototype file system
mount, umount mount and unmount file systems
mt magnetic tape control
nawk pattern scanning and processing language
newaliases rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file
newfs create a new file system
nice run a command at low priority
nl line numbering filter
nroff format documents for display or line-printer
od octal, decimal, hexadecimal, and ascii dump
pagesize display the size of a page of memory
paste join corresponding lines of several files, or subsequent lines of one file
perfmeter display system performance values in a meter or strip chart
ping send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
pr prepare file for printing, perhaps in multiple columns
printenv display environment variables currently set
pstat print system facts
quota display a user's disk quota and usage
rc, rc.boot, rc.local command scripts for auto-reboot and daemons
rcp remote file copy
rdate set system date from a remote host
rdist remote file distribution program
reboot restart the operating system
renice alter nice value of running processes
repquota summarize quotas for a file system
restore, rrestore incremental file system restore
rev reverse the order of characters in each line
rsh remote shell
ruptime show host status of local machines
script make typescript of a terminal session
sdiff contrast two text files by displaying them side-by-side
sed stream editor
sh shell, the standard UNIX system command interpreter and command-level language
shelltool run a shell (or other program) in a SunView terminal window
showmount show all remote mounts
shutdown close down the system at a given time
sleep suspend execution for a specified interval
sort sort and collate lines
spell, hashmake, spellin, hashcheck report spelling errors
spline interpolate smooth curve
strings find printable strings in an object file or binary
strip remove symbols and relocation bits from an object file
sundiag system diagnostics
suninstall install and upgrade the SunOS operating system
sunview the SunView window environment
swapon specify additional device for paging and swapping
symorder rearrange a list of symbols
sync update the super block; force changed blocks to the disk
tabs set tab stops on a terminal
tail display the last part of a file
tbl format tables for nroff or troff
tcopy copy a magnetic tape
tee replicate the standard output
tektool SunView Tektronix 4014 terminal-emulator window
test return true or false according to a conditional expression
textedit SunView window- and mouse-based text editor
time time a command
toolplaces display current SunView window locations, sizes, and other attributes
tput initialize a terminal or query the terminfo database
tr translate characters
trace trace system calls and signals
traffic SunView program to display Ethernet traffic
troff typeset or format documents
tset, reset establish or restore terminal characteristics
tsort topological sort
tty display the name of the terminal
tunefs tune up an existing file system
uniq remove or report adjacent duplicate lines
units conversion program
unmount, umount remove a file system
uptime show how long the system has been up
users display a compact list of users logged in
vacation reply to mail automatically
vi, view, vedit visual display editor based on ex
vipw edit the password file
vmstat report virtual memory statistics
wall write to all users logged in
wc display a count of lines, words and characters
whatis display a one-line summary about a keyword
whereis locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
which locate a command; display its pathname or alias
yes be repetitively affirmative
CSH:
----
csh is a shell (command interpreter) with a C-like syntax and advanced interactive features
csh, %, @, alias, bg, break, breaksw, case, continue, default, dirs, else, end, endif, endsw, eval,
exec, exit, fg, foreach, glob, goto, hashstat, history, if, jobs, label, limit, logout, notify,
onintr, popd, pushd, rehash, repeat, set, setenv, shift, source, stop, suspend, switch, then,
umask, unalias, unhash, unlimit, unset, unsetenv, while
Important directories and files:
--------------------------------
~/.fvmrc Window mangager configuration (FVWM)
~/.dtwmrc Window mangager configuration (DTWM)
~/.dt/* (errorlog, startlog, icons, types (setting of launch pad), other DTWM
resources)
~/.tcshrc TC-Shell settings
~/.cshrc C-Shell settings
~/.login Login script (for desktop login only, executed once)
~/.rhosts Remote hosts file
~/.httpusers Alowed users for secret pages
~/.pap-secrets PAP secrets for slirp
~/.slirprc ~/.ppprc Slirp and ppp config files
~/public_html Home Page directory
/usr/bin Applications
/usr/local/bin More applications
/opt/gnu/bin Gnu stuff like g++, gcc, gzip and more
/usr/sbin System tools
/usr/share/man Manual files
/dev Devices like ttya (serial port), audio and disk drives
/vol Automounted volumes
/etc (rc2 (things to do at startup), rc2.d (startup e.g. S72inetsvc (routing)
passwd, shadow (passwords), resolve.conf (DNS IP addresses), hosts,
ftpusers (users who can't access ftp), shells (users and their shell
important for ftp), services (port numer and its service), nsswitch.conf (in
colum hosts we have to write dns to use dns resolving), ppp/ (pap-secrets and
other ppp settings), nodename, hostname.[interfacename] (hostname associated
with this interface e.g. le0), fstab (mounting table), ssh_* (ssh stuff) )
/usr/var/log Home Page Log on SUN
/usr/local/WWW/logs Home Page Log on OSF1
/var/adm messages (Messages from applications and startup process (for debugging
purposes), sulog)
/var/spool/mail Mail (on SUN: /var/mail)
/usr/local/WWW WWW-directory (e.g. settings and CGI)
/usr/local/etc/httpd WWW-directory on gummibaum
/usr/dt/config/C/* Default desktop settings (Xresources (Configuration file for the Login
Manager), sys.dtwmrc (default windowmangager configuration), and others)
/soft/public/X11/lib/fvwm/system.fvwmrc System fvwmrc file
/etc/issue.net Welcome message (before login in)
VI:
---
<ESC> Command mode
i Insert
I Insert at beginning of a line
a Insert after
A Insert at the end of the line
o Insert a line below
O Insert a line above
J Connect this and the next line
r Change char
R Overwrite
x Delete char
dd Delete line
D Delete rest of line
h / l Move left / right
j / k Move down / up
w,b,e Move cursor one word
H Home
L End
M Middle
G Go to bottom
p Undo
ctrl + f Page down
ctrl + b Page up
:/[string] Search for string
:?[string] Search backwards
:[n] Goto line n
:w Save
:q Exit
:x Save & exit
Navigation inside more, man...
------------------------------
SPACE Moves one page down
B Moves one page up
ENTER Moves one line down
Q Quit
X-Windows Progs:
----------------
xterm / dtterm Terminal
xmailtool / mailtool Mail
emacs / textedit Word processor
xcalc Calculator
xv Graphic viewer and converter
xlock Lock up
xset X-Win settings
Alias:
-------
alias ls ls -l List in long format
alias rm rm -rf Remove files and directories without prompting user
alias cp cp -r Copy files and directories
alias df df -bk Display free space and used space in bytes
alias ps ps -aef | grep $USER List all jobs of user
alias txt2ps nenscript -p- Translate text to PostScript (stdout)
alias psp1 /~/Script/psprint1 Print text on dali
alias psp2 /~/Script/psprint2 Print text on ps2
Shell:
------
starts with: #!/bin/sh, contains command lines, must have x-permission, start with ./Scriptname, *=any string (except .), ?=any char, [a-d]=any char from a to d (lower case), be carefull with special chars &=\&, to execute
at a specific time use: at hh:mm +[minutes] minutes < Scriptname, to divert to nirvana stout: >&- or stin: <&-
AltaVista:
----------
Standard: <+>="AND" <space>="OR"
Advanced: AND OR NEAR URL () * (e.g: apple* AND ((quicktime OR video) NEAR 3.0) )
Netscape:
---------
about:image-cache
about:memory-cache
about:cache
protocol://name:password@domain/path/filename.extension#anchor?parameter¶meter